This category includes all aspects of Cryogenics: the production and study of extreme sub-zero temperatures. This includes the production, use, and storage of liquid gases (nitrogen, oxygen, helium), mechanical freezers for those temperatures, and the attempts to reach absolute zero. It also includes a recent use of cryogenic technology in which metals are dipped in liquid nitrogen to improve various qualities.
On-line version of magazine which reports the latest advances in technology, market development and new products for industrial, medical and specialty gases and cryogenic equipment. http://www.cryogas.com/
National and international pipefreezing service to all sectors of industry. In North West England. Very informative page. http://www.alliedpipefreezing.co.uk
International journal of low temperature engineering including applied superconductivity, cryoelectronics, cryophysics, cryogenics in medicine, and refrigeration and liquefaction technology. Mostly a subscription/information site. http://www.elsevier.com:80/inca/publications/store/3/0/4/0/7/
Environmental simulation equipment for sale or hire. In-house climatic testing from -80C to 300C, and temperature and humidity calibration. At Glenrothes in Fife, Scotland, UK. http://www.climatic-testing.co.uk/
Supplying pipefreezing and cryogenic services to the pipeline and process industries throughout the world. Pipefreezing is a means of isolating part of a pipework system by freezing the pipe contents over a short section, so that the contents form a soli http://www.bishop.co.uk/
A major source of software and consultation for properties of fluids, materials, and superconducting systems in the cryogenic temperature range. Example: one program calculates the properties of 33 fluids over a variety of temperature and pressure ranges. http://www.cryodata.com/
Cryogenic consulting services, including systems analysis, instrumentation, gas purification, and classes in cryogenic engineering and safety. Owned by Thomas Flynn, Ph.D., in Boulder, Colorado. http://www.cryoco.com/
UK freeze isolation specialists. In situ valve replacement or other pipeline repairs and modifications without needing to drain down systems. In London. http://www.pipefreeze.co.uk
Research on pulse tube coolers and other types of coolers for space flight. Also research on manageing heat flow and cryogen storage. http://irtek.arc.nasa.gov/CryoDev.html
Detailed explanations and papers on various aspects of cryogenic technology, including mechanical cooling, oxygen contamination, cryogenic systems, and helium superfluidity. Many papers available for downloading. http://www.yutopian.com/Yuan/
CCSI performs consulting, design, and plant operations for industrial cryogenic processes and gas purification and liquefaction. Areas of expertise include plant design and upgrading, natural gas, hydrogen, and cryogenic storage. In Weston, Connecticut. http://www.cryogenic-consulting.com
Consultants on carbon dioxide (CO2) production, sales, recovery, natural CO2 well sources, and emerging technologies which yield a CO2 by-product, such as fuel cells. In Tavernier, Florida. http://www.advancedcryogenicsltd.com
A marketplace for the cryogenic industry with a buyer's guide, auctions, classified ads, a magazine, headline news, articles, resources, and message forums. Free membership is required to access the site. http://www.cryogenicindustry.com
Supplier of cryogenic equipment for the medical, optical and semiconductor industries. Their products are used in MRI systems, optical fiber and optical coating manufacturing, and semiconductor manufacturing. http://www.apdcryogenics.com
Scientific society which promotes the advancement of cryogenics and cryoengineering in the UK and abroad. Publisher of Cryogenics Safety Manual and Cryogenics Fluids Databook. http://www.bcryo.org.uk
Part of the Polish Academy of Sciences, in Wroclaw, Poland. Includes information about the departments of superconductivity, and low temperatures. http://www.int.pan.wroc.pl/?lang=en
Design and manufacture of cryogenic temperature sensors and instrumentation, including instrumentation and systems for studying magnetic properties of materials. Products include gaussmeters, Hall probes, vibrating sample magnetometers, and electromagnet http://www.lakeshore.com/
A detailed education site on thermal science (both cold and hot), with many explanations, conversion tables, databases, links, and an excellent FAQ/glossary of terms and concepts dealing with temperature. http://www.tak2000.com/
Awarded to David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff, and Robert C. Richardson. The press release contains a good (technical) discussion of the superfluidity of helium-3. http://nobelprize.org/physics/laureates/1996/
