Menippus

Third century BCE Greek philosopher and satirist.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/menippus.htm

Parmenides

Greek philosopher and poet.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/parmenid.htm

Pythagoras

The 6th century BCE philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pythagor.htm

Stirling, James Hutchison

19th century British Idealist, Hegelian academic.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stirling.htm

Plato

Biography and description of the philosophy of Plato.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plato.htm

Moral Philosophy

Introduction to ethics, with links to other articles at the IEP.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/ethics.htm

Positivism, Logical

Schlick, Carnap, Reichenbach, and others made up the Austrian school of philosophy in the 1920s, which has been influential in analysis of scientific thought.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/logpos.htm

Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich

18th century German philosopher, famous for effective criticism of Kant.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/jacobi.htm

Just War Theory

Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/justwar.htm

Positivism, Legal

Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/legalpos.htm

Leucippus

5th century BCE founder of atomism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/leucippu.htm

Locke, John

Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/locke.htm

Lombard, Peter

French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lombard.htm

Lotze, Rudolf Hermann

19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lotze.htm

Lucretius

Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lucretiu.htm

Mill, John Stuart

19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863).
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm

Moral Luck

Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference?
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/moralluc.htm

Natural Law

Standards that govern human behavior objectively derived from the nature of human beings.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/natlaw.htm

Natural Theology

Used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to describe knowledge of God drawn from nature.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nattheol.htm

Neoplatonism

The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry. Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/neoplato.htm

Ockham, William of

Detailed biography of the 14th century Franciscan.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ockham.htm

Origen

Father of the early Church, born around 182.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/origen.htm

Solipsism

The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solipsis.htm

Paley, William

18th century British theologian.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/paley.htm

Peripatetics

Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/peripati.htm

Plotinus

3rd century CE founder of Neo-Platonism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plotinus.htm

Poincaré, Jules Henri

19th century French philosopher of science.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/poincare.htm

Prodicus

5th century BCE sophist, possibly a mentor of Socrates
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/prodicus.htm

Protagoras

Early Greek sophist.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/protagor.htm

Pyrrho

4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pyrrho.htm

Reichenbach, Hans

Leading German philosopher of science, and logical positivist.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/reichenb.htm

Renaissance

Brief article on the transition between middle ages and modernity.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/renaiss.htm

Roman Philosophy

Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/romanphi.htm

Shaftesbury, Earl of

Patron of John Locke
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/shaftes.htm

Shpet, Gustav

Leading proponent of Russian transcendental phenomenology.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/shpet.htm

Skepticism, Ancient Greek

A description of skepticism in Ancient Greece, led by Pyrrho.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepanci.htm

Skepticism, Contemporary

Introduction to the current discussion of skepticism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepcont.htm

Solovyov, Vladimir

19th century Russian philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solovyov.htm

Sophists

Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sophists.htm

Spinoza, Benedict

17th century pantheist, critic of Descartes.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/spinoza.htm

Stephen, Leslie

19th century British academic.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stephen.htm

Stilpo

4th century BCE member of the Megarean school.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stilpo.htm

Stoicism

Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its foundation.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stoicism.htm

Symposium

Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with garlands of flowers.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/symposiu.htm

Synderesis

Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent to good.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/synderes.htm

Thales

Detailed biographical essay on the Ancient Greek philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/thales.htm

Theophrastus

Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to Aristotle at the Lyceum.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/theophra.htm

Time

Long article about questions of time discussed throughout the history of philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/time.htm

Timon

3rd century BCE disciple of Pyrrho.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/timon.htm

Vienna Circle

Organised the development of logical postivism in the 1920s. Included Carnap, Feigl, Frank, Gödel, Hahn, Kraft, Neurath, Waismann. Popper and Wittgenstein also had association with the Vienna Circle.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/viennaci.htm

Virtue Theory

View that morality is the development of or virtues.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/virtue.htm

Voluntarism

Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/voluntar.htm

Warburton, William

18th century Church of England bishop, and critic of the Deists.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/warburto.htm

Wittgenstein, Ludwig

Detailed essay on the life and work of the 20th century philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/wittgens.htm

Xenophanes

Eleatic school, powerful 6th century BCE critic of polytheism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/x-phanes.htm

Xenophon

Pupil of Socrates, who contributed to the record of his life.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/xenophon.htm

Zeno of Elea

5th century BCE Eleatic philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/z/zenoelea.htm

Russell's Paradox

Examines self-referential linguistics used to describe properties and sets.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/par-russ.htm

Truth

Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/truth.htm

Rights, Human

A treatment of the origins and development of the theory of human rights, with philosophical analysis, justifications, and criticisms.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hum-rts.htm

The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Free online encyclopedia. Edited by James Fieser, hosted by the University of Tennessee at Martin.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/

Academy

Description of the philosophical institution founded by Plato, which advocated skepticism in succeeding generations.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/academy.htm

Active Powers

The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/activepo.htm

Aenesidemus

Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aeneside.htm

Anaxagoras

Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaxagor.htm

Anaxarchus

4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaxarch.htm

Anaximander

Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or fire as the original and primary form of body.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaximan.htm

Anaximenes

5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anaximen.htm

Animals and Ethics

Consideration of moral status of non-human animals.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anim-eth.htm

Anselm

11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held by orthodox theologians.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/anselm.htm

Antisthenes

Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/antisthe.htm

Aquinas, Thomas

The life and work of the major figure in scholastic philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aquinas.htm

Aristippus

Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristip.htm

Aristotle

The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/aristotl.htm

Augustine

Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/a/augustin.htm

Bacon, Francis

16th century philosopher and politician.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bacon.htm

Bakhtin Circle

School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of signification in artistic creation.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bakhtin.htm

Beccaria, Cesare

18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the Italian criminal justice system.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/beccaria.htm

Behaviorism

Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into talk about observable behavior.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/behavior.htm

Bentham, Jeremy

Extensive article on the 18th century 'founder' of utilitarianism.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bentham.htm

Berkeley, George

Influential 18th century Irish philosopher.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/berkeley.htm

Berlin Circle

Group of academics who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s and later joined up with the Vienna Circle.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/berlinci.htm

Bolingbroke, Henry St. John

18th century Tory disciple of Locke.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bolingbr.htm

Butler, Joseph

18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/butler.htm

Caird, Edward

Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/caird.htm

Social Contract Theory

View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the agreement.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/soc-cont.htm

Deism, English

Explores the deism of Hobbes, Locke, Tindal, and the influence of Hume.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/deismeng.htm

Cicero, Marcus Tullius

1st century BCE Roman orator and philosopher of the New Academy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cicero.htm

Cyrenaics

Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE. The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/c/cyren.htm

Deism, French

The deism of Voltaire and Rousseau.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/deismfre.htm

Eckhart, Meister

13th century Dominican mystic who was almost forgotten until Franz von Baader revived his memory in the nineteenth century.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/eckhart.htm

Egoism, Psychological and Ethical

Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/egoism.htm

Fichte, Immanuel Hermann

Aimed to secure a philosophical basis for the personality of God.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/fichteih.htm

Fichte, Johann Gottlieb

One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/fichtejg.htm

German Idealism

The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/germidea.htm

Gorgias

Greek sophist and rhetorician, known as "the Nihilist," born in 483 BCE.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gorgias.htm

Greek Philosophy

The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic philosophers through to Proclus.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/greekphi.htm

Hamilton, William

19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hamilton.htm

Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von

19th century German philosopher who attempted to combine the idea of Hegel with the will of Schopenhauer in 'spiritual monism.'
http://www.iep.utm.edu/h/hartmann.htm